The Modern Hero Of Beowulf - 1050 Words

Aaron Payne Mr. Walter English IV September 28 The Modern Hero â€Å"The art of leadership†¦ consists in consolidating the attention of the people against a single adversary and taking care that nothing will split up that attention† (Adolf Hitler). Although Adolf Hitler may have been one of the worst men in history, he had a similar rise to power as the Geatish warrior Beowulf did. He gained his leadership by showing up to Germany in their time of need and telling them that he can fix their economic depression after WWII. Throughout the epic poem, Beowulf demonstrates a leadership style that is very effective; however, it has failed many leaders and their cultures in the past, and it is often carried on today. This also ties into Beowulf’s hero model, which shows us how drastically the idea of heros have changed throughout history. Beowulf’s charismatic leadership style is adequate for him to achieve the role he deserves over the Danes, although it comes along with several drawbacks. Beowulf comes to power by being a courageous figure that comes to help the Danes in their time of need. He often brags about his courageous acts to show his greatness, we see this when he is confronted by Unferth, The fact is, Unferth, if you were truly as keen and courageous as you claim to be Grendel would never have got away with such unchecked atrocity, attacks on your king, havoc in Heorot and horrors everywhere (590-594). After defeating Grendel, the Danes look to him as their invincible heroShow MoreRelatedBeowulf As A Modern Hero Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagesand bravery are withâ€Å"Whether ancient or modern, the distinctive characteristic of the heroic figure†¦ ‘Is willing to risk death.’† (acculturated.com) Heroes are willing to face the fear of constant violent death and embrace fate to have inner peace or exceptional value within themselves. The model hero in ancient times was the type to kill and conquer just to be remembered whereas today, things have shimmered down. Beowulf’s effectiveness as a modern-day hero has taught us something that will stickRead MoreModern Definition Of Hero In Beowulf714 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the modern definition of â€Å"hero† is â€Å"a person admired for achievements and noble qualities† or â€Å"one who shows great courage.† Over centuries peoples views of what they consider a hero has transformed. Alfred de Vigny’s claim that â€Å"there are no heroes and no monsters in this world† makes it clear that he defines â€Å"hero† in a different way. Despite de Vigny’s claim that there are no heroes or monsters today, I believe there are, due to the selfless acts madeRead MoreDefinition Of A Modern Hero In Beowulf744 Words   |  3 Pagest heir definition of a hero the same as our own? A good example of an Anglo-Saxon hero is Beowulf, he travelled to Denmark with a group of warriors to fight a monster named Grendel that was terrorizing a city, he also killed Grendel’s mother and a dragon to save the people in the city. He may seem like a modern hero, he’s saving the people in danger, he shows leadership, and has the bravery to do so, but there are distinct differences between the Anglo-Saxon hero and a modern hero and those differencesRead MoreBeowulf : A Modern Epic Hero1595 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities of gods’. In the story of Beowulf, readers get to see a young audacious hero show the abilities of loyalty, wisdom, and physical strength. As I read the story, I saw that Beowulf matures into a man who doesn’t simply upkeep about individual magnificence and integrity but cares about his society as a leader. Beowulf is compared to a modern epic hero because he is fighting for a good caus e, rewarded for doing the right thing, and is respectfully treated as a hero. The importance of the poemRead MoreBeowulf Comparison to Modern Day Hero2195 Words   |  9 PagesFrom Beowulf to Superman, Why we need our Heroes Heroes, from Beowulf to Superman our cultures have always created heroes. We may always have political, social, economic and religious differences, but at the end of the day we all have one thing in common, heroes. They help define who we are and what we want to be. They give us hope and inspire us to head in the right direction. They show us that good will always triumph over evil and that anything is possible if you set your mind to it. HeroesRead MoreThe Four Characters Of Beowulf And Modern Day Heros738 Words   |  3 Pagesheroesheros. Some heroes Heros take the direct approach and overcome obstacles with raw power and strength, both physical and moral. Others use their intelligence along with trickery and ruthlessness. It is hard for a hero to take a more direct approach than Beowulf. For example, he rips Grendel’s arm right out of its socket! He also shows moral strength by being champion of the values of his society. There are also some other things that can dif ferentiate two types heros. The first the type thatRead MoreEssay about Beowulf and Modern Day Hero670 Words   |  3 Pagescomparison between Beowulf and the modern day hero. All soldiers that are fighting for my country certainly comes to mind first, when I think about a modern day hero. Both hero’s are fighting for a good cause, get rewarded for what they do, and get treated with much respect. Although a soldier might not withhold unworldly strength as one such as Beowulf, they both are putting their life at stake, which gives them both the title as being a hero. Both the U.S soldier and Beowulf portray characteristicsRead MoreModern Hero vs. Anglo Saxon Hero Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesTodays modern day hero has similarities and differences than the Anglo-Saxon hero. The two heroes each have different values they believe in. Also, they are motivated to fight for different reasons. An Anglo-Saxon hero also fights differently than a modern day hero. An example of this comparison is Bono from the band U2 and Beowulf. Both modern day heroes, like Bono and Anglo-Saxon heroes, like Beowulf, try to improve their societies, but do it in different ways and for different reasons. Anglo-SaxonRead MoreEssay Beowulf and Batman622 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many similarities between Batman- a modern day hero making use of his intellect, modern technology, and detective skills on crime and warfare and the classic hero, Beowulf- who travels great distances to prove his strength against his enemies, even at impossible odds. For example, the simplest being that they are both heroes working towards the common good, saving others without twice thinking of their own safety. However there are also many differences: obvious ones such as the fact theyRead MoreBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages2Y English 12 20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero needed to possess all of

Is It A Critical Period For Sla - 1288 Words

3) CPH for SLA. 3.1) Is there a critical period for SLA? Since L1 acquisition is almost uniformly successful across languages, countries, and cultures, CPH research is primarily concerned with maturational constraints affecting acquisition of L2 rather than the acquisition of our mother tongue. The existence of a critical period for SLA is all the more disputed for several reasons. Most notably, adults as well as children, who have already acquired an L1, logically differ more markedly in learner history and profile between each other than infants do, which makes pooling data an extremely challenging endeavour. Also, learning outcomes (ultimate attainment) vary not only as a function of age but between different same-aged individuals.†¦show more content†¦DeKeyser (2000), and Hyltenstam and Abrahamsson (2003) belong to proponents of such a way of looking at critical periods. DeKeyser (2000) in particular argues in defence of a critical period in its strictest sense: As long as L2 competence is assessed without regard for the learning mechanisms that produced it, it may appear that there is merely an optimal age for language learning, in the sense that there is a sizeable negative correlation between age of acquisition and ultimate attainment. If the Critical Period Hypothesis is constrained, however, to implicit learning mechanisms, then it appears that there is a sizeable negative correlation: Early age confers an absolute, not a statistical, advantage— that is, there may very well be no exceptions to the age effect. Somewhere between the ages of 6-7 and 16-17, everybody loses the mental equipment required for the implicit induction of the abstract patterns underlying a human language, and the critical period really deserves its name. (p. 518) This defence of the CP is in accord with Hylstenstam and Abrahamsson s (2003) view that critical or sensitive periods are indeed real, and that there is a biologically determined impossibility to continue using, after a certain age, the acquisition mechanisms involved in first language acquisition, even though the exact nature of this biological constraint is not well-understood, as they admit. This viewShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Critical Perido Hypothesis2439 Words   |  10 PagesThe critical period hypothesis has been a long-standing topic of debate in first and second language acquisition. There are many studies that focus on the effects of age on the attainment of a second language. The Critical Period Hypothesis theorizes, at its most basic level, that younger learners are more successful than older learners in language learning. It also theorizes that language learning is difficult after puberty. Thus, a critical period or age limit exist in language learning. ItRea d MoreThe Influence of Age Factors on Second Language Acquisition2762 Words   |  12 PagesLanguage Acquisition Xu Bailin Abstract: In second language acquisition, age factors has always been the study focus and one of the most controversial issues of linguistics. Based on the Brain Plasticity Theory and the Critical Period Hypothesis, the purpose is to prove such a hypothesis that the younger the leaner who begins to learn an second language,the greater the probability that he or she will achieve a native-like command of it. ï ¼Ë†Ã¨ ® ¸Ã¦Å¸ Ã§  ³ 110502112753ï ¼â€° Read MoreThe Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition3030 Words   |  13 PagesFactor in Second Language Acquisition Introduction There are many factors that affect second language acquisition (SLA). For example, SLA is affected by the role of the mother tongue, the role of gender differences, the role of personal differences and the role of age differences. The role of age differences is one of the most important factors that affect SLA. It is often claimed that children learn faster than adults. The younger the learner of a foreign language, the more effectiveRead MoreUnderstanding Grammatical Language Skills : Universal Grammar1377 Words   |  6 Pagesthe resulting data grammar (White 2005). However, there has been much debate whether UG is accessible to learners of a second language. This paper will provide insight into the multiple perspectives on the role of UG in second language acquisition (SLA) by examining the results of various studies concerned with the differences between native and non-native cognitive linguistic skills. This paper will touch upon three possible answers: full access, partial access, or no access (the Fundamental DifferenceRead MoreEnglish Language And Foreign Language Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably, doing so in a non-native environment, such as the classroom. Although a foreign language learnt and taught is also oftentimes referred to as a second language, the process of dealing with this language is known as second language acquisition (SLA). Linguistic purists, however, draw a line between second language and foreign language, the first one signaling that the learner lives in the environment where the language in question is spoken as the native one (Moeller Catalano, 2015, p. 327)Read MoreSecond Language Acquisition ( Sla )2101 Words   |  9 Pages Second language acquisition (SLA) has long been a topic of interest for many researchers such as linguists, psychologists, and educators. Through the study of SLA, researchers may better understand the basic properties of languages, how languages are processed in the brain, and how t o facilitate the acquisition of a second language. A common topic of inquiry among SLA researchers is why some people seem to learn new languages with ease while others do not. This question is especially importantRead MoreThe Alcan Case Study1642 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis Executive Summary One of the most critical success factors for Alcan, the global leader in discrete and process metal production, selling and service-related businesses, is their supply chain. Sourcing the right materials, from approved suppliers, at the most economical price and having them delivered at the right time is a continual challenge for Alcan and members of the industry it participates in. Bauxite is one of the most critical raw materials there are to the production processRead MoreEssay on Age and Second Language Acquisition1486 Words   |  6 PagesRoberts first introduced the idea that there is a â€Å"critical period† for learning language in 1959. This critical period is a biologically determined period referring to a period of time when learning/acquiring a language is relatively easy and typically meets with a high degree of success. German linguist Eric Lenneberg further highlights Roberts and Penfield’s findings and postulated the Critical Period Hypothesis in 1967. According to the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), certain biological events relatedRead MoreExecutive Summary for Business Continuity Disaster Recovery Report1439 Words   |  6 PagesDisaster Recovery Report Phase 1 This is the Business Continuity plan for recovery of Software Solution critical business. It is intended to be a introduction guide for use in activating recovery policy to ensure that business interruptions are as soon as possible and is within an economical range of financial considerations. Our company should know in advance, what of their tasks are critical, how supports then ability to survive a disruption to regular business operations by maintaining a continuousRead MoreArtifical Intelligence Research1089 Words   |  4 Pagesirregularities of components. Scholars did not reach an end for language its, there is no conclusive definition for language, Which could show us that we do not know language fully or even near fully. Hatch is saying why do not we try to put all SLA theories on transparencies and place them over each other over overhead projector and try to consistency among them. She suggesting that we should into language through its different angels instead of focusing on each angle alone. Focusing on grammar

Technology Incorporation in Hospitality Industry - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Technology Incorporation in Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction The continuous development of information technology has made it mandatory for all organizations to incorporate it into their operations. It is because all processes involving the management of organizations need the application of information system to ensure fast and reliable execution. Monet is an organization which is operating in the hospitality industry offering holiday resorts. The company is formed after merging of five-holiday resorts who need to bring their effort together to ensure that they increase their services and meet the customer's expectations. Currently, the firm incorporates a broad range of living quarters consisting of final paper, bed, and breakfast with luxurious suites in almost all parts of Australia. To ensure the company attracts customers from all corners of the world, the firm should incorporate information systems and information technology in its operations. Today, the globe has adopted a digital plan in the sector of business, and the Monet organization should not be exceptional. There is an urgent need to develop a company website to ensure the services are available online and customers can access them irrespective of their locations. The website has services of bookings and travel amongst many others. The company also company also aims at developing a complementary mobile application which should be linked directly to the website to ensure similarity in activity flow of the organization. The mobile application should cater for the prices of the services offered and their prices which should vary dynamically based on demand and seasonal factors. The system of the management builds on an integrated ERP solution and Web 4.0 level ultra-intelligent electronic portal. This paper, therefore, highlights on main issues to be incorporated in the process of implementing the idea. The paper outlines the assumptions to be made in the process of implementation as well. In a detailed manner, the difference between the information systems (IS) and the information technology (IT) and how it affects customer's choice, continued patronage and brand loyalty are highlighted. The report explains the mechanisms which the firm can apply to attract new customers from competitors and identify business opportunities towards the positive progress of the Monet organization. Throughout the paper, ideas are displayed together with their implementation mechanisms to show how the Monte organization which achieve its objectives and keep insist on positive performance in future. Assumptions of the report All stakeholders of the Monet organization will play their respective roles towards the implementation of the ideas. Information technology experts will be acquired by the organization to ensure that all IT issues are addressed accordingly and at early stages. Proper installation and maintenance of the IT systems will be administered by experts. The organization has adequate resources to initialize and to ensure progressive implementation of the ideas. The management of the organization should stand as one and embrace similar ideologies to see the firm moves towards where it aims to be (Zervas, Proserpio Byers, 2014). The management is very crucial in any organization since they ensure day to day activities are executed accordingly. For any company to stand Maximum Corporation should be portrayed by all members of the management committee. The research did previously state that 75% of falling organization have been resulted by lack of cooperation between management (Musing Kolar, 2013). The Monet group should first seek to adopt experienced managers who embrace teamwork as the first step. The adoption of information technology (IT) in Monet organization will be based on the web 4.0-level ultra-intelligent electronic portal and an integrated ERP solution. Enterprise Resource Planning is a system which allows an organization manage its operation from a central position based in an office (Wang, Mao He, 2016). The software is designed specially to enable it to manage the activities of business relating to technology, human resources, and services. In the Monet organization, ERP software is intended to integrate the activities concerning product planning, sales, and marketing in a single database, application and user interface (Nicolau Santa-Maria, 2013). Monet Company aims at making all the process of the organization automated. Development of Company Website Information Technology experts will be adopted to create a website for the organization. The website will display the features of the structure, making it attractive to clients. The pictures of the hotels will be posted both outside and inside. The aim of showing the features of the hotel is to attract potential customers (Wang, Mao He, 2016). The website will be available online and freely accessible. The organization will be displayed fully stating the mission, vision and core values. Pictures of the management, employees, and customers will be shown. The design of the website will be meant to attract more clients and making services access convenient. The services offered by the organization will be displayed. The hotels, the booking procedure, and the prices. The site will allow customers to create their accounts, log in, and access the services successfully. Bookings will, therefore, be made online reducing paperwork and time wastage. A wide range of customers will be accessible since the website will be available in all parts of the world. The attractive display of the website will end up attracting a new class of class of customers. To get the travel services, clients will need to log in, place their order concerning their destination and just attend their journeys on the travel day. The hotel bookings will allow customers to choose the hotel of their choice after viewing the available hotels. Since the prices are displayed, the customers will send their funds and allocation of the rooms will be made successfully. The organization should also acquire permit staff to manage the website and carry out the necessary changes. It is because most of the services offered y the Monet group are seasonal, and their prices are variant. Updates need to make incorporated as soon as they arise to curb inconveniences (Gin Choi, Kwon Kim, 2013). The website will ensure customers get services at their convenience and enable the organization plan for the available demands. To increase the convenience customers which will lead to increased customer turn up, the firm should develop an additional mobile application. The application can be prepared by experience and highly experienced IT experts and programmers (Yoon, Kang, Hong Lee, 2013). The management of Monet organization should, therefore, adopt Experienced IT experts who should develop the application (AlBattat Som, 2013). The application should be designed in a way that it allows people to create their accounts and access all available services. The bookings of hotels and travels services should be accessible together with applicable charges. The application should also offer a place for users to pay for the services by loading money. It should embrace the use of mobile banking. The corresponding mobile application should assign tour guides to tourists on an automatic basis. The application should also be available online and freely accessible. Every internet user should have the permission to vi sit the site and download the application. Web 4.0- Level Ultra-Intelligent Electronics For Monet organization to achieve its objectives at a fast rate, the ultra-intelligent electronics should be incorporated. Ultra-intelligent electronic aims at providing competitive advantages to organizations. It creates a level of electronic advice and trust between companies and customers (Madany, Elaziz Elkrim, 2012). Despite the world adopting the technology, relationships remain more relevant. The issues of trust are essential in an organization, trust existing between clients and organization earns the team increased number sales (Verma, Sock McCarthy, 2012). The incorporation of Ultra-intelligent electronics in the Monet group it will place the firm on top of its competitors. To enable a proper flow of services in the company, the ultra-level electronic should be embraced. All issues pertaining the operation of the business will be addressed accordingly and facilitating quick achievement of the objectives. The management should, therefore, adopt the ultra-intelligent electronics in the Monet Company. The information systems (IS) are very crucial towards the realization of the Monet organization customer attraction goal (Zach Erik, 2012). Information systems are efficient in the sector of creating awareness of an existing product amongst users. In most cases, this is achieved through online basis (Lin, Zhao Wei, 2014). Monet Company operating in hospitality industry needs to get customers from all the parts of the world apart from Australia. Therefore the firm needs to go online and create an information system for the customers to get a clear view of the services. It will be achieved through the development of the website and a mobile application. Through information system, customers will be increased, which will need to improve services offered (Wang Chen, 2012). The accrued revenues will increase therefore enhancing the realization of the goals-chances. The improvement of services by application of information systems will increase the convenience of the services to customers. The brand loyalty amongst customers will be developed as a result. The automatic allocation of houses, bookings and personalized tour guides will make Monet services first choice for many travelers and tourists (Madapusi DSouza, 2012). Currently, all firms are operating on the computer due to continuous advancement and growth of technology. The globe is existing as a small market (Myrthianos, 2014). Due to the effects of technology, the business sector has been affected adversely. The number of physical stores is closing day by day and adopting the e-commerce concept (Kong, Cheung Song, 2012). Information technology makes the application of information systems valid. Information systems cannot be into existence without information technology, and the two substantially depend on each other. Monet Company is wishing to increase the number of customers; definitely, they have to embrace information technology. Information technology will facilitate the availability of online platform making services readily available to all customers globally. The IT incorporation is of adverse benefits, and proper application will have benefits to the Monet Company. The services offered by the firm will be available online and bookings of both hotels and travels made possible (Mohebi Farzollahzade, 2014). Widened access will lead to increased customer turn up. The designing of the website needs IT knowledge, and attractive designation of the site showing a clear view of their hotels will make their firm first customer choice. Mechanisms of Attracting New Customers Unhealthy competition in the market may lead to poor performance of firms leading to closure (Hao, Arsiah Awangku, 2107). The hospitality industry is very competitive, and for the company to ensure it is amongst top competitors, it should apply the appropriate mechanism and eliminate on areas of weaknesses. To attract more customers, the Monet Company should go the technology way in all operations. The first step should be the development of a website. The website should be designed in a way that it attracts customers. Clear pictures of the hotels and the surroundings of the Monet hotel should be displayed. The website should be simple and extremely attractive. The company should also develop mobile application also containing all the information and services offered by the firm. The company should also ensure that the website and mobile application are exceptional from that of competitors. Various aspects should be insisted including the usage of the application. The application should be easy and simple to use. It should also guide the user to all services available. Business opportunities should be researched and implemented with the aim of attracting customers (Yen Teng, 2013). Some of the possibilities should be the application of payment channel. The company should link with banks globally and incorporate mobile money transfers services. Services like electronic tour guide should be adopted since they are current opportunities which brings a lot of convenience to customers. Through improvement of areas of weaknesses and implementation of existing opportunities, the Monet Company will be in a position to attract new customers and from its serious competitors. Conclusions For Monet organization to prosper in the hospitality industry, various issues have to be addressed. Firstly, the company should incorporate information system and information technology in its applications. The emerging trend of technology like an integrated ERP solution and ultra-intelligent electronics should be applied in daily operations. The technology should facilitate bookings and payment services. All these issues aim at ensuring that the company operates in modern trends and convenience of customers. As a result, new customers will be attracted who will make sure that the accrued revenue is increased. The Monet organization will, therefore, compete effectively in the industry henceforth facilitating the achievement of goals. To ensure good performance of the Monet Company and existence in future, the following issues should be addressed with immediate effect. The company should initialize a project to establish branches in other parts of the world especially the famous tourist destinations. Necessary adjustments should be made concerning the emerging issues in technological growth. References AlBattat, A. R. S., Som, A. P. M. (2013). Employee dissatisfaction and turnover crises in the Malaysian hospitality industry.International Journal of Business and Management,8(5), 62. Gin Choi, Y., Kwon, J., Kim, W. (2013). Effects of attitudes vs experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors: Focused on Generation Y in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(3), 410-427. Hao, L., Arsiah, B., Awangku, H. B. P. B. (2017). Social support change as a moderator and organizational commitment as a mediator between pre-entry expectation and turnover intention: a study among life insurance agents in Tianjin, China.Polish Journal of Management Studies,15. Kong, H., Cheung, C., Song, H. (2012). From hotel career management to employees career satisfaction: The mediating effect of career competency.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 76-85. Lin, R., Zhao, X., Wei, G. (2014). Models for selecting an ERP system with hesitant fuzzy linguistic information.Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems,26(5), 2155-2165. Madany, Y. M., Elaziz, D. A., Elkrim, W. A. (2012, June). Design and analyis of compact ultra-wideband inverted FL microstrip patch antenna for intelligent transportation communication systems. InAntenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), 2012 15th International Symposium on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Madapusi, A., D'Souza, D. (2012). The influence of ERP system implementation on the operational performance of an organization.International Journal of Information Management,32(1), 24-34. Mohebi, M. M., Farzollahzade, S. (2014).Improving competitive advantage and business performance of SMEs by creating entrepreneurial social competence(Vol. 2, pp. 20-26). MAGNT Research Report. Msing, A., Kolar, J. W. (2013). Ultra-low-inductance power module for fast switching semicon-ductors. Inproc. PCIM Europe(pp. 1-8). Myrthianos, V. (2014).Processes of enterpriese transformation: new businees models and disruptive innovation effects in the the music industry. Universidad de Granada. Nicolau, J. L., Santa-Mara, M. J. (2013). The effect of innovation on hotel market value.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 71-79. Verma, R., Stock, D., McCarthy, L. (2012). Customer preferences for online, social media, and mobile innovations in the hospitality industry.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,53(3), 183-186. Wang, C. H., Chen, K. Y., Chen, S. C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 119-129. Wang, F., Mao, P., He, H. (2016). Dispensing of high concentration Ag nano-particles ink for ultra-low resistivity paper-based writing electronics.Scientific reports,6, 21398. Yen, C. H., Teng, H. Y. (2013). The effect of centralization on organizational citizenship behavior and deviant workplace behavior in the hospitality industry.Tourism Management,36, 401-410. Yoon, K. C., Kang, C. H., Hong, T. U., Lee, J. C. (2013). Design of an Ultra Wide Band Band-pass Filter with Open-Stubs.The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems,12(6), 37-43. Zach, O., Erik Munkvold, B. (2012). Identifying reasons for ERP system customization in SMEs: a multiple case study.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,25(5), 462-478. Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., Byers, J. W. (2014). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry.Journal of Marketing Research.

To what extent does confusion and disguise contribute to dramatic comedy in Twelfth Night free essay sample

To what extent does confusion and disguise contribute to dramatic comedy in Twelfth Night? Twelfth Night in set in an era of dramatic comedy under going changes, certain themes that used to perfectly acceptable although controversial was now seen to be distasteful and often looked down upon, this was due to the emergence(or rather acknowledgment) of two very different types of comedy: old comedy and new comedy, although neither were genre had a very high status in theatre compared to tragedies. Old comedy was used in theatre for a very long time, from the era of Aristophanes right up until Plautus, and included devices such as satire and bawdiness, often old comedy would be quite cruel to political figure or to those of high status whereas in new comedy often it was the complete opposite. New comedy came about in the era of Plautus and was a lot more refined and civilised compared to old comedy using techniques such as witty banter, farce and irony. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does confusion and disguise contribute to dramatic comedy in Twelfth Night? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shakespeare’s comedies combined some elements of old and new comedy yet was still rather sophisticated compared to new comedy playwrights like Plautus and Menander although often his tragedies contained more laughs than his comedies. Dramatic comedy of the time still used devices such as sexism, bawdiness and romance to show the misfortunes of others, but it also incorporated disguise and carnivalesque features. Not all of Shakespeare’s comedies were as classic, relatable comedies as theatre was now more commercial and less community based yet unlike Aristophanes he made the witty banter fun and light and theatre became more refined yet relatable to those attending. Due to this Twelfth NIght contains features from both old and new comedy(cross dressing and disguise as well as light bawdiness) which was quite common for Shakespeare’s plays at the time. Twelfth Night is a good example of a comedy of the time due to its very farce like events and use of confusion. William Shakespeare’s use of love triangle is example of this as well as his use of cross-dressing, creating much confusion. Conceal me what I am For such disguise will haply become the form of my intent’ From this quote much confusion stems and was arguably the crux of all that transpired in Twelfth Night. This is due to the comedic techniques of disguise and confusion which allows for mistaken identities. A mistaken identity often alters the characters view of love, as a members of the same sex will more often than not fall in love: Twelfth Night with Olivia and Viola/Cesario but also in other plays of Shakespeare’s such as The Comedy of Errors; Antipholus of Ephesus/Adriana and Antipholus of Syracuse/Luciana, although this is not the only reason for cross dressing to be present in a Shakespearian play, often it will be featured to raise doubts on status and power for genders within the patriarchal society that Shakespeare lived in, as the women will only find the right solution whilst playing a male showing that males get the outcome they wish while women have to be disguised to get what they desire. Mistaken identity and confusion are often used in Shakespeare’s plays as while the characters are still unravelling the mysteries, the audience know the details that allow understanding; dramatic irony is used to create humour as the audience feel a sense of superiority in knowledge and therefore find amusement in the characters mishaps and antics. While there are many instances of confusion and transvestism in Twelfth Night many of the most memorable and climatic events happen in Act 2 and 5; which see tricks played upon characters and the creation and resolution of love triangles. One such love triangle is that between Orsino, Olivia and Viola which is the cause of much mayhem throughout the play. In act 2 scene 2 Viola says: ‘she mistaken, seems to dote on me’ this creates humour as Viola is seen to be a witty character of intelligence and has deduced the situation she is in(the love triangle), but unwittingly flirted with a female causing Olivia to fall in love Cesario, not her master Orsino which was her intent. The humour comes from the good intentions gaining the wrong reactions as the audience can see the implications that the characters can’t. This contributes to the dramatic comedy in Twelfth Night as the audience knows it is a female in love with a female yet the high class character does not which brings in the satirical element in old comedy. The quote also foreshadows much of the comedic events to come; ‘mistaken dote’ this encapsulates the play as from this point on many characters fall in love with the wrong people. Viola creates humour in Act 2 scene 4 as she finds herself in much the same position as Olivia, where she is experiencing unrequited love only centered around Orsino; ‘As it might be perhaps, were I a woman I should your lordship’ . This creates humour here as Viola is hinting that she is a woman yet is ignored, the fact that if Orsino had of been as wise as his servant and realised her gender and love must would of been prevented; the inversion of wit creates humour as the high class(Orsino) is oblivious to the matter and his servant(Viola) is more intelligent which in turn makes the audience laugh at Orsino’s views on love. This quote is relevant at the end of Twelfth Night when the twins are revealed Orsino sees Viola for a woman which allows his revelation that she in fact loves him as a man which is comedic as the audience knew this in act 2 yet he only realised at the end, again mocking his intelligence. Act 5 is the climax of all confusion in the play but like all Shakespeare’s romantic comedies there ultimately is a happy ending. Act 5 sees Orsino travel to Olivia’s household whilst there he and his men are accosted by Antonio’s accusations of Cesario(Viola) whom he assumes to be Sebastian which is then heightened by Olivia’s confusion between the twins believing she is married to Cesario, angering Orsino from the betrayal of Viola, then to add more tension and folly Sir Toby accuses Cesario of beating him. This is undoubtably the height of all confusion and the most comedic yet tense scene and the audience find humour in the climax as well as the resolution which comes in the form of Sebastian appearing and clearing up the misconceptions. Confusion and disguise are imperative to the comedic effects in Twelfth Night as they set the basis for the entire play, they also allow for techniques such as inversion to happen as well and relief theory and superiority theory to takes place. Shakespeare’s humour in Twelfth Night is often from mistaken identities which is a key factor in confusion, throughout the play there are at least 5 instances of mistaken identity which create humour due to the fact that they are speaking to the wrong twin or that they are in love with the wrong person. The beginning quote still offers the play in a nutshell as disguise helps everyone fall in love with the right person which is Shakespeare’s intent as he believes in happy endings.

Johann bernoulli essays

Johann bernoulli essays Johann Bernoulli, a member of the worlds most successful mathematical family, the Bernoullis. Johann Bernoulli was born in Basel, Switzerland on August 6, 1667, exactly when the Civil War ended. Johann s family was originally from a small town called Antwerp, Belgium, but escaped to avoid persecution by Catholics. His mother Margretha Bernoulli was a local official and his father Nicolaus Bernoulli was a great merchant. His father wanted Johann to become a merchant like himself but Johann terribly failed as an apprentice. After Johann failed as an apprentice, he begged his father for permission to enter college. In 1683, his father gave him permission, he attended the University of Basel. The University of Basel was where his older brother Jacob Bernoulli was a professor. While a student at Basel he studied medicine and was tutored in math by Jacob, who was a great mathematician. A few years after learning math from his brother Jacob, he developed a mastery of the new Leibnizian Calculus. Johann became so great at math, it broke up his relationship with Jacob because of Jacobs jealousy of Johann. In 1694 Johann committed himself to math and received his doctorate on a mathematical paper on muscular movement. A year later, his wife Drothea gave birth to their first child named Nikolaus after Johann s father. Later after graduating from Basel, Johann took a trip to Paris. While there he met the leading mathematician L Hospital. L Hospital convinced Johann into teaching him calculus for a fee. After being taught by Johann, L Hospital published a book on fifferential calculus. Everything L Hospital wrote was from Johann notes and letters but L Hospital claimed all Johann s work as his own. Their friendship suddenly ended. After Johann came back from Paris Johann tried to get the seat of mathematics at Basel but couldnt because Jacob held it. Soon after Johann was denied the s...

Definition and Examples of Prescriptive Grammar

Definition and Examples of Prescriptive Grammar The term prescriptive grammar refers to a set of norms or rules governing how a language should or should not be used rather than describing the ways in which a language is actually used. Contrast with descriptive grammar. Also called  normative grammar and prescriptivism. A person who dictates how people should write or speak is called a prescriptivist or a prescriptive grammarian. According to linguists Ilse Depraetere and Chad Langford, A prescriptive grammar is  one that gives hard and fast rules about what is right (or grammatical) and what is wrong (or ungrammatical), often with advice about what not to say but with little explanation (Advanced English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach, 2012). Observations There has always been a tension between the descriptive and prescriptive functions of grammar. Currently, descriptive grammar is dominant among theorists, but prescriptive grammar is taught in the schools and exercises a range of social effects.(Ann Bodine, Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar. The Feminist Critique of Language, ed. D. Cameron. Routledge, 1998)Prescriptive grammarians are judgmental and attempt to change linguistic behavior of a particular sort and in a particular direction. Linguistsor mental grammarians, on the other hand, seek to explain the knowledge of language that guides peoples everyday use of language regardless of their schooling.(Maya Honda and Wayne ONeil, Thinking Linguistically. Blackwell, 2008)The Difference Between Descriptive Grammar and Prescriptive Grammar:The difference between descriptive grammar and  prescriptive grammar is  comparable to the difference between constitutive rules, which determine how something works (such as the rules for t he game of chess), and regulatory rules, which control behavior (such as the rules of etiquette). If the former are violated, the thing cannot work, but if the latter are violated, the thing works, but crudely, awkwardly, or rudely.(Laurel J. Brinton and Donna Brinton,  The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins, 2010) The Rise of Prescriptive Grammar in the 18th Century:To many people in the middle decades of the eighteenth century, the language was indeed seriously unwell. It was suffering from a raging disease of uncontrolled usage. . . .There was an urgency surrounding the notion of a standard language, in the eighteenth century. People needed to know who they were talking to. Snap judgments were everything, when it came to social position. And things are not much different today. We make immediate judgments based on how people dress, how they do their hair, decorate their bodiesand how they speak and write. It is the first bit of discourse that counts.The prescriptive grammarians went out of their way to invent as many rules as possible which might distinguish polite from impolite speech. They didnt find very manyjust a few dozen, a tiny number compared with all the thousands of rules of grammar that operate in English. But these rules were propounded with maximum authority and severity, and g iven plausibility by the claim that they were going to help people to be clear and precise. As a result, generations of schoolchildren would be taught them, and confused by them.(David Crystal, The Fight for English. Oxford University Press, 2006)

The impact Advertising has on brand preference for consumers in the Essay

The impact Advertising has on brand preference for consumers in the mobile phone market - Essay Example While each component had its role in forming the marketing strategy, promotion essentially meant reaching out to the customer through advertising and media campaigns. In today's world 'promotion' field has been further widened by renaming it as marketing communication. Such a communication now forms a crucial part of managerial activities. This study is an effort towards analysing the mobile phone market in general and to what extent advertising or marketing communication activities help in building brands, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs etc. How customer perceptions have changed over the years towards going for a product which is seen all over the media space, fliers, signboards etc. will form the cornerstone of preparing marketing strategies for any company. Mobile phone market comprises of a range of brands offering a variety of features at affordable prices, depending upon the requirements of the customer, the market potential and other factors like, l ocal taxes, liberalisation policies etc. To what extent the customer's opinion gets influenced by running advertisement campaigns and how the balance is tilted by celebrity endorsement or the brand ambassadors will be studied through this paper. Technology is also a critical factor while reaching out to the customer. The advancements in technology has also come out with innovative ideas to reach out to the customer. ... The process of globalisation and liberalisation has resulted in uniformity of policies all around the globe, thus providing room for adopting the learning's from one type of market into another. The rapidly changing market dynamics though have kept the companies on their toes. Kotler (1974) termed marketing as a set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. Advertising helps in influencing the consumer behaviour. While on the one hand the competition helps the consumer in getting worth of the spending, and consumer has a range of alternatives to chose from, companies too have come out with innovative ideas to reach out to the consumer with their products and brands. While analysing the rapidly changing marketing scene, Peircy (2002) terms the emerging scenario as complex, confusing, and paradoxical. The mobile phone market is full of alternatives available with whole lot of features at attractive prices. This has led to a state where mobile phone compan ies are trying to include as many features into the small gadget and convert it into a workstation or computer which can be used for talking, listening radio programmes, watching movies, storing mp3 songs and of course in the form of a phone as well. At times, it appears the advertisements tend to confuse a general customer, with so many brands around. It is indeed a very difficult choice for an average consumer to be able to figure out his/her exact needs and look for the appropriate gadget. How advertising helps or complicates toward facilitating such choices is what matters for the ad-makers worldwide. 4. Aims and Objectives My project shall aim to test the following -

Critically analyse the relative merits of the Capital Asset Pricing Assignment

Critically analyse the relative merits of the Capital Asset Pricing Model and empirical approaches to Asset pricing (such as FAMA and French model) - Assignment Example The basic essence of the model is that it determines the amount of return that an investor is going to earn for putting their money at risk. It would be helpful to have a brief and basic idea about the concept of CAPM with the intention that the understanding of relative merits of it becomes easy. According to the model and ultimate derivation, it can be said that the return which an investor expects to earn by investing on a security or a portfolio is the rate on a risk-free security and a risk premium. The formula for this finding is written like: The basic concept behind the above model is that the investors are required to be compensated in two ways: risk and time value of money. The compensation for time value of money is represented by the risk-free rate which an investor earns by putting his money on investment over a period of time. The other part of the formula on the right hand side is a factor of risk and it determines the compensation the investors should get for taking an additional amount of risk. This amount is calculated by a risk measure (beta). There are certain implications of the model: According to Michailidis (2006), an examination of the emerging Greek Securities market was done based on the CAPM by considering weekly stock returns of 100 companies that were listed on the Athens Stock Exchange for the period 1998-2002. The findings of the test did not support the basic statement that higher risk (beta) means higher levels of return. However the model explains excess return and ultimately supports the linear structure of the CAPM equation (Michailidis & Et. Al., 2006). The model considers reality in explaining risk factor where it assumes only systematic risk associated with the investment options. The unsystematic risk can be removed since there are diversified options for investors and thus can be eliminated. CAPM derives a theoretical relationship between return and

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay Example for Free

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay Originally it was called British Atlantic Airways, later changed to Virgin Atlantic Airways. The first flight was from Gatwick to Netwark on the 22nd of June 1984 (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The company launched a ? 6 m advertising campaign in 2010, which was James Bond themed (Guardian, 2010). The new advertisement helped the company recover from the recession. Now I will examine how exactly it was achieved and what methods were used to obtain the best performance of the advertisement. 2) Target Market. Market segmentation is a way of separating the consumers into different sections by their shared needs and personalities (Leon. G, 2010, p. 28). The needs and values depend from person to person according to his culture (Leon. G, 2010, p. 366). The VALS (values and lifestyles) segmentation system clearly shows the type of audience this commercial is aiming at (Leon. G, pp. 84). This system divides consumers into eight distinctive subcategories, which consist of: thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers and makers. The subcategories this advertisement will appeal to are: innovators because they are receptive to new technologies and who can experience the innovated technologies at a Virgin Atlantic flight; achievers because they are goal oriented consumers who like to display success to their piers, which they can display by flying Virgin Atlantic as it is high class airlines; experiencers because they like to spend their income on fashion, socializing and entertainment which Virgin Atlantic offers through great service, food, entertainment and their flights are considered as ‘trendy’. The social comparison theory states that the consumer with higher purchase ability tends to have a higher status; this is a proof why achievers like to spend on luxurious products and services (Leon. G, 2010, p. 338). This commercial appeals to all the five effective target-marketing segments (Leon. G, 2010, p. 73). It is identifiable as it clearly distinguishes the shared needs, age and gender of the consumer. The consumer is a businessman or career orientated workingwoman who prefers high-class service. The age would appeal to Generation Y that is born from 1980 and on wards (Leon. G, 2010, p. 410). The Generation Y spends 150 billion annually and is into innovation and luxury while Generation X is considered as ‘sophisticated’ group. Virgin Atlantic Airways allows children ages 5 and above to travel or should be accompanied by an adult (16+). Pets are accepted if they accompany a disabled person (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). 3) Service offered. The marketing mix shows what kind of service/product is offered by dividing the elements to: product, price, place and promotion (Leon. G, 2010, p. 58). The service being offered is not just a flight from one destination to another; it is an experience at a high-class level of the Virgin Atlantic flight where the costumer will be served at a high class, with security, entertainment and with maximum comfort. It is a high-involvement purchase, which requires considerate thought and cognitive process, as the price is high (Leon. G, 2010, p. 231). The flight can be purchased online or at a flight ticket office. The company offers promotion such as: flying club card, ticket sales and discount codes/vouchers (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The price and quality relationship the company has is low- price tickets in comparison with their competitors and with a high-class service. 4) Seasonality. The time of placing the advertisement is very important, as there are competing companies to take into consideration. The order effect research has shown that the advertisements presented first (primacy effect) and last (regency effect) has a greater effect on the consumer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 302). The release date was 26 October 2010, which was a great push to recovery from recession. British Airways and American Airlines are the biggest competitors. American Airlines released their commercial in May 2010, which had a primacy effect where as Virgin Atlantic Airlines gained a regency effect. The James Bond 007 Blood Stone video game was released on 5th of November 2010(IMDB, 2010). This shows that the commercial was released 10 days before the release date of the game. This strategy used by Virgin Atlantic is a very clever marketing move, as their advertisement is James Bond themed and during that period of time all sorts of media (TV, newspapers, online, word of mouth and billboards) had James Bond game advertisements. Virgin Airlines got increased attention to their advertisement by publishing their advertisement at time coinciding with Blood Stone’s release. 5) Positioning the commercial. The advertisement is transmitting through mass media as well as through new (non traditional) media (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 294-296). The commercial is played on TV where it addresses wide range of consumers (i. e. via mass media) and through YouTube where it is addressable and interactive, while response – measurable. It was also played during the flights on the Virgin Atlantic TV channel where it exclusively targets its audience (i. e. via target media). 6) Reason for the commercial. The consumer behavior consists of searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, disposing of products and services that in their belief will fulfill their wants (Leon. G, 2010, p. 23). The commercial was created in order to persuade and make aware the audience of the fact that the service being offered by the airlines is luxurious, entertaining and high-class, to convince that this kind of service will satisfy there needs. ) Perception. â€Å"Perception is defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. †(Leon. G, 2010, p. 175) This advertisement appeals to emotional motives, which are affection, status and pride in this case (Leon. G, 2010, p. 110). The advertisements mood is sexually charged and is putting the buyer into a state of excitement by: James Bond themed music and graphics, illustrations of high-class adventure and good-looking actors in the commercial. Abraham Maslow created the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which identifies the five basic levels of human needs (Maslow, 1987). The advert is aiming to satisfy all the five needs of the potential consumer. Egoistic needs will be satisfied during the flight on these airlines, as it is illustrated as a prestigious flight. Egoistic needs include the need of good reputation, status and recognition from others, which advert convinces that the consumer will have, if he/she chooses Virgin Atlantic Airways. Need of Self-Actualization will be satisfies as shown in the advert, by flying on this flight the customer will feel self-actualized by getting high-class service which he/she deserved or earned themselves. Social Needs are to be satisfied by communication with good-looking staff. The Virgin Atlantic cabin crew was voted as the most attractive staff in the whole world by the surveys of travelers (Daily mail, 2011). Richard Branson has always stated that the appearance of the flight crew must be important in order make the customers enjoy a memorable flight. Cabin staff of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are told that: Youll be the face of the airline. As such, your grooming should always be immaculate even after a long, tiring flight’ (Daily mail, 2011). As flying on an airplane has a small risk of security, the advert is aiming to convince that their flight is safe and is a pleasant experience where there is nothing to worry about. Physiological needs will be satisfied by the high-class food and beverage service that would be offered during the flight by good-looking staff. Air and shelter will also be present, as the designed with up to date technology. This commercial is aimed at visual consumers that prefer and take information better through visual images or messages as sources of information (Leon. G, 2010, p. 147). While watching the Virgin Atlantic advertisement repetitively on TV or Online passive learning is occurring and it changes the consumer’s attitude regarding the product (Leon. G, 2010, p. 232). The theme message delivered through this advert is: Your airlines either got it or it hasnt. There is a message resonance in the wording, which adds a bit of humor to it and will make the viewer remember the commercial (Leon. G, 2010, p. 301). The theme message has comparative advertising technique to it where Virgin makes the viewer compare their airlines to Virgin Atlantic (Leon. G, 2010, p. 303). The sexiness in advertising is present in order to grab the attention of the viewer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 308). The hostesses are wearing short dresses in red color and the man who is passing the security check hasn’t got underwear on. Virgin is trying to show that their flights are ‘sexy’. This technique tries to show the security the airlines provide (angel like). The flight team is very good looking and is walking with self-assurance, which adds confidence to the image of the company. The runway lines and the red carpet represents the luxurious service. | | Transition from the safety demonstration to the airplane saloon is done without editing cuts, which is very eye-catching. | | The shot of people sitting around of a pool of martini and playing with the olive, which represents entertainment, beverage and luxury the airlines offer to their customers. 9) Buying process. â€Å"The consumer decision making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking stages: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage†(Leon. G, 2010, p. 36). This advertisement is designed in order to influence the input and process stage in order to make the consumer come to the output stage. This advert influences and increases the consumer’s recognition of the service ne ed. The information is delivered to the consumers through the marketing efforts of the commercial, which will influence not only media but also word of mouth marketing. The Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality created by Sigmund Freud explains the drivers of the output stage (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 137-139). According to Freud’s theory this commercial will affect superego and id to make the purchase. The superego will be gratified when purchasing this service because he/she will become socially and fashionably acceptable, as Virgin Atlantic flight is ‘trendy’. Id will be gratified if the consumer will make the purchase because the airlines offer the basic requirements such as food, shelter and security. The consumer will make a trial or a repeat purchase when buying this service (Leon. G, 2010, p. 497). The consumer might be new to the company or be a frequent loyal customer. 10) Involvement levels and risk perception. Involvement is a very important factor in how much attention is paid to the message sent to the viewer and how it is understood. There are different ways to measure the involvement of the viewer. There are two ways of involvement, high-risk and low-risk purchases. The higher the risk, the higher the involvement and research will be. The flight purchase is a low-involvement product and consumers prefer congruent context of the message delivered (Leon. G, 2010, p. 293). The mood of the consumer is very important, if he/she is in a bad mood, the content of the commercial might cause a bad reaction of the viewer. Psychological noise may be distracting the viewer from the commercial and the advertisement has contrast in the imagery in order to keep the viewers attention. 11) Conclusion. The advertisement created by the Virgin Atlantic airlines in my opinion was successful . The James Bond theme imageries and soundtrack had a great impact on the effectiveness of the commercial. Every time the consumer will watch James Bond movie or play a James Bond game, the commercial will subconsciously come to their mind and the other way around. The time it was released was perfect, as they needed a push to get out from the recession. The commercial had a bit too much sex advertisement in it, which may led to worse effect tan could have achieved and made the competitors (American Airlines) stand out more, as they had a touching TV commercial that gave gratitude to the men in uniform, veterans and their families. Sexual advertising may distract the consumer’s attention from the message content being sent. This technique may have a little influence on the buyers purchasing intentions and a risk of spoiling the image of the company. This advert is targeting businessman, but there is the family audience with children and generation X, which they are risking of loosing. The commercial is based mostly on emotions and only in one short scene the viewer can see the seats with the monitors. The saloons, seats and the exact food of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are not shown, but they are very important to be shown, as the consumer wants to see the comfort he/she will have during the flight. The fact that the advertisement shows a man being tucked into a cloud and not airplane seat could make an impression that the airlines are hiding something and their seats are not good enough to be shown in the advertisement. This advertisement could have been improved by focusing the viewer’s attention much more on the design of the saloon, comfortable seats and delicious food. Nonetheless, overall this was a very well executed and effective advertisement with successfully reached hearts and minds of customer.

Robert Mapplethorpe: Photography, Homoeroticism, and Senator Jesse Helms :: Photographer Robert Mapplethorpe Papers

Robert Mapplethorpe: Photography, Homoeroticism, and Senator Jesse Helms No medium or arena is free from political assimilation. Perhaps this is why the term "the personal is political" is so reverberant in such a multitude of communities. In the fine arts community, every art piece reflects a personal decision or touch; what medium to best describe a subject or idea in, or the physical shape and making of art by an artist, for example, are ways in which each artist has ownership over his or her own work. When art is displayed for an audience, the very act of placing a personal piece into the public sphere creates a forum for interactive and political dialogue and judgment. To present artwork in a public arena authorizes the audience to construe interpretation and assess that art. The policies and politics that dictate the arrival of art for the public purview are not immune to the authority and judgment making that occurs once the art is on display. In order for galleries, museums, or universities to display artwork, their high level officials must appro ve the works. Furthermore, when the work is on display it reflects back on the institution it is in, the leaders of that institution who approve it, and ultimately the artist who made the work herself. There are foundations and organizations that are funded by the government for the promotion and distribution of fine arts, which of necessity are bound by the legal dictates of the governing bodies and the public it represents for these reasons. When artwork or an artist is controversial, it becomes a political issue due to governmental involvement in funding of --and thus universally approving-- the contentious art or art-maker. For artists who work in the photographic medium, controversies arise more readily due to the realism of the images. Homoerotic photographic art in particular is the site of political and social stigmatization, as exemplified by Robert Mapplethorpe's life and work. Mapplethorpe's photography was the catalyst from which conservative senator Jesse Helms was able to symbolize the misinterpretations of visual representation for "real" or authentic action and criticize his work as "obscene" due to its homoerotic content. Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) was a gay male artist who died at the age of 43 of AIDS. His technically brilliant and stylistically disreputable images sparked both controversy and contemplation. He was equally praised and derogated by his stark and honest appraisal of the erotic male nude, his depiction of sadomasochistic culture and practices, and his own and others' homoerotic and multiracial portraits.

Problems on Fraternity Membership

The Problem and Its Background Introduction Fraternity nowadays is very popular in Universities, Colleges, and Communities. Some of them have their own experience in a Fraternity. In a Certain University here in Philippines there are some Known Fraternity such as Tau Gamma Phi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Kappa Rho etc. ut this Fraternities are much known by the Students than the Administrators of the Schools. There are different types of discrimination. Black people in America experienced it as well as Asians, Cubans, Mexicans and other non-American living there. It is commonly called racial discrimination. People with physical deformities suffer the so-called physical discrimination. People who belong to the third sex are also victims of such cruelty. Now, new sets of victims have risen. They are the students who member of fraternities and sororities.Discrimination of fraternities and sororities arise because other people think that these fraternities and sororities only cause troubles, which the members do not agree with. Those students who join the fraternities or sororities are not merely looking for trouble but there are deeper reasons, like to have a group they can call their own, to experience good camaraderie, brotherhood and sisterhood and to have lots of friends. These are a fact that others do not see, that is why they jump into conclusion that fraternities and sororities cause trouble so they deserve to be discriminated.We all know that discrimination has many effects on the life of an individual. This study the researcher is out for the truth. This researchers carries the purpose of finding out the effects of fraternity and sorority discrimination. Statement of the problem This study will seek answers to the following questions. 1. Why do college students who are involved in fraternity or sorority discriminated in school? 2. What are the main reasons why they joined fraternity or sorority? 3. What are the advantages in joining fraternity or sorority? 4 . What are the disadvantages in joining fraternity or sorority? Objectives of the studyGeneral Objective: The main objective of the study to determine the problems encountered by the membership in fraternities. Specifically, this study aims: 1. To find out why to join Fraternity 2. To be aware about the Problems such Organizations undergo 3. To identify the nature of brotherhood and sisterhood as Fraternities and sororities 4. To have a knowledge about the Basic 5. To know the advantages and disadvantages of Fraternity Significance of the study This study signifies that.. ~ Expose the discrimination experienced by the students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in school. Correct the misconception people have regarding these fraternities or sororities. ~ Inform students about the positive and negative effects of joining the fraternity or sorority. ~ Give an overview why students want to join fraternity or sorority. Assumptions These are the reasons why students joined a fraternity and sorority, and there are fraternities and sorority members who are responsible and can perform well in school. There are fraternities and sororities who can help students develop their self-esteem and self-confidence. And there are fraternity and sorority who can give protection and support to its members.There are preventive measures that can be done when someone wants to join a fraternity or sorority. There are fraternity or sorority who conducts physical initiations rites. And there are possibilities that when a students joined a fraternity or sorority, his social life and attitude will change. Scope and delimitations This study will deal only problem faced by being a fraternity member on the life of a student in selected college/university. This will be done through interviewing 20 members and non-members of different fraternities or sororities in four different colleges/universities namely, St James College Of Q.C, University of Santo Tomas, Our Lady of Fatima Un iversity, and Centro Escolar University. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will discuss on the information that have significant bearing on the process and discussion of research.. According to the â€Å"Webster Dictionary Encyclopedia Edition. †, fraternity is an organization for social or other purposes of student in colleges who usually have the Greek letter names and secret rites, and represented by chapters in many Institutions. Fraternities were established with an avowed purpose of offering friendship, leadership, nspiration, guidance and services to the students and other people As well. College fraternities. Are far more ahead from their contemporary high school Fraternities, in some colleges, forming an organization or fraternity is legal, because of the fact that the members, whether students or alumni, the advantages of fraternal organizations are not only astounding but self evident. They believe that it helps maintain the high-qual ity attitude of the campus and strengthen the function of higher education in social mobility. But not all fraternities have the same outcome in other campus.According to the article of Alfred McClung, to non members, their disadvantages are overwhelming, and their presence on the campus is regarded as hurtful and hostile to the objective of higher education, they believe that fraternity members are war freaks, cause nothing but trouble in the school that they are in, in that same article, the point of school authorities, fraternities have served no good, they have been continual source of problems for disciplinary officers and administrations of the campus, Forming a fraternity is therefore prohibited. According to William S. Carlson, the liabilities of fraternities in student’s life are ery different in kind and severity from one campus to another, the most negative criticisms are directed toward those on the large, heterogeneous campuses, where there are the highest contra st in economic origin, social consciousness, social skills and competence. The lack of security in social relations is therefore the greatest concern to the student, parents and school administrators, however, banning fraternities as many schools now ban them has really forced this fraternities to go underground but there are still some fraternities, which are recognized by the school authorities and students but not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, â€Å"Psychological Needs of Adolescents,† it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection.Fraternity members voluntary joined hands in recognizing that true brotherhood emanates from love and respect for their fellowmen. According to Joseph Rhulman in his book â€Å"Personnel Principles in Chapter House† the reason behind why college students enter organizations such as fraternity, because of curiosity and peer pressure, in the youth sub-culture of almost all generations he peer group is more powerful influence than admonitions of parents and school authorities. There are ample data to show the ultimate erect of the college discrimination especially in regard to the earning trust of the students. In a typical university, the fraternity feels that it must make its entrance in style, being sure that it can compete with the long established group already present that is why they develop their own principles in recruiting new members.Nowadays, many college students are aware with the mindless and useless death due to hazing. This barbaric practice which defies all norms of civilized conduct has ecome institutionalized establishments of higher learning is beyond understanding. Some fraternity members say that it is intended to instill discipline among unruly freshman and newly recruits, but the countless deaths and injuries it has caused seemed to militate against this cruel practice. That is why, most non members get intimidate b y the way the members act. For instance, the fraternity riots that are breaking out. These non members are in fear that their lives might be in jeopardy. They suggest that the best way to do to have a clean –image-fraternity is to completely abolish hazing.In the article â€Å"Tougher Laws Alone Won’t Stop Hazing and Abuses,† says that there is no justification for mindless violence and risk to life. However, the better remedy is to meet the needs of college students by means of more professionally oriented organizations. To give young men in our colleges and universities enough challenges and interesting tasks as well as stimulating academic activities to keep their minds focused on these priorities rather than their socializations needs alone, Another way is to say that the socialization needs will be met by the overall challenge of school activities and the xpectations given to young people to develop themselves without need for fraternities. Loss of life is certainly a better option to prevent these students from joining these Fraternities.Chapter III Methodology The survey type of a detailed analysis of a group, was used in this study since this study concerns about the present conditions regarding students who are involved in a fraternity or sorority the analysis of this condition will lead to the understanding and possible solutions to the problems undertaken by the researchers Methods Used In order to obtain the data which are important in the course of study, a case study s an appropriate method used. Case study is a detailed analysis of a person or group Profile of the respondentsThere are 20 college students, ages 17-27 years of age, all Males, all singles serve as the Respondents and all of which were members of such Organizations or fraternities, among these respondents, 4 of which agreed to give such information about themselves which will be crucial in this research, Goy (not real name) a 18 year old college student from St James College of Quezon City, single and have been a member of a unsaid fraternity for two years now, â€Å"Nuno† (not real name) a 27 ear old alumni of Fatima College, single and have been a member of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity for nine years and still active and helping the growth of his fraternity, another one is â€Å"olsen† (not real name) a 19 year old student from University of Santo Tomas, single and also a member of Tau Gamma Phi for 3 years now, and last is â€Å"Bok† also a 19 years old student of Centro Escolar University, single and have been a member of his fraternity for 3 years now. Data gathering Procedure Library- based research. The researchers obtain some information from the library and v visit some websites.Primary source of information such as books, articles and other publication are gathered. Secondary source of data were taken so that these materials will also provide information. Observation. The researchers have observed the respondents and studied the demographic profile of the subjects. Studying the location of the subjects will help fully understand the condition of the respondents since they came from various learning institutions. Interview. The researchers conduct queries in order to gather data. A structured questions are prepared . Survey. A questionnaire containing four (4) questions with multiple options re used . These questionnaires were administered to facilitate the validity of the data gathered. Instrumentation The researchers use questionnaire which has four questions with multiple options given to gather data for the study. Those questions are related to the problem statement. Sampling Techniques and Procedure Driven by the researchers need to gather information, the researchers choose lottery method in choosing the respondents for this research, In that case, the researchers will be able to better gather information without being biased in some information which he researchers consider important in this research, and also gather information without compromising the integrity of the data being shown. Q U E S T I O N N A I R E Dear Respondents, We, the students enrolled in Society and Culture of FEU-Fern College are working on the research entitled, â€Å"Problems Facing Fraternity Membership†. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the said subject. Rest assured that whatever information will be gathered will be used for research purposes only and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, The Researchers ———————————————————————————————————– Name: ( optional)_______________________ Age:____________ Gender:_________ Course:__________School:__________ Direction. Pleas e read carefully each question. Each question has multiple options, you may have multiple answers. Kindly answer the questions honestly and completely. 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? ?Alpha Phi Omega ?Tau Gamma Phi ?Beta Sigma ?Upsilon ?Alpha Kappa Rho ?Scout Royal Brotherhood ?FROKS ?Delta Sigma Phi ?Sigma Beta Phi ?Alpha Phi Beta ?Beta Lambda ?None . Is it authorized in your school? Yes ?No What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity? ?Political Machinery ?Security and protection ?Socialization ?To be popular ?To have a feeling of belonging ?Invited by Friends ?Help others ?Curiosity ?Peer Pressure ?For improvement ?Others ?No Organization What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity or Sorority? ?To be popular ?Have lots of friends ?Can do well in school ?Can get support during elections ?Practice my right to say yes or no ?Connection when you graduate ?Full of riots ?Death Chapter IV Analysis of Data 1. What fraternity are you curr ently engaged? Tau Gamma Phi ( 25% )Alpha Kappa Rho ( 20% ) Scout Royal Brotherhood ( 15% ) Delta Sigma Phi ( 15%) Alpha Phi Omega ( 10% ) Beta Sigma ( 5% ) None ( 10% ) Total: 100% 2 Is it authorized in your school? Yes ( 0%) No ( 100% ) Total: 100% 3. What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity Socialization (20%) Security and Protection (15%) Invited by friends (13%) Curiosity (12%) No organization (11%) Peer Pressure (9%) Help others (9%) To be Popular (8%) Others (3%) Total 100% 4. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity? Connection when you graduate (20%)Have lots of friends (18%) Can do well in school (15%) To be popular (12. 5%) Full of riots (12. 5%) Death (12. 5%) Practice my right to say yes or no (9. 5%) Total 100% Chapter V Summary of Results and Findings. Most of the fraternity members do not feel the problems physically, emotionally and socially. Most of those fraternities are unauthorized in schools, they join fraternities to hav e a better social life, security and protection and gain more friends, all of them answered that fraternity members do not deserve this problems. Most of the respondents have the same reason that there is nothing wrong with being a raternity or sorority member. Recommendations This research is highly recommended to all students especially in college levels who are already aware of such existing organizations; the proponents’ put stress into this research to show the students what are the problems encountered by the members of fraternities. Conclusion The group concluded that Problems facing fraternity is inevitable. According to the data gathered and answered questionnaires it shows that students join fraternities primarily because of security However some students have their own reason why they do not join such organization.Bibliography â€Å"Fraternity,† Webster Comprehensive Dictionary Editions, vol. I p 502 Alfred McClung, â€Å"Fraternities Without Brotherhood,â €  (Boston Beacon Press, 1995)p. 445 Ibid (as no. 2) William S. Carlson, â€Å"Fraternities: Evil Force on the campus,† Saturday Review (September 10, 1985)pp. 59-61 Psychological needs of the adolescents,† The Philippine journal (dec. 18, 1996) p. 10 Joseph Rhulman, â€Å"personnel Principles in chapter house† (Washington American Hill Brother Company, Inc. 1988)pp 24-26 McClung, loc. Cit Carlson, loc. cit ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Emerson on War Essay

Emerson’s mind is complex because it has resulted from his wide reading of the East and the West. It puts together virtually incompatible ideals in oriental and occidental thought. Like so many topics that his essays cover, his conception of and discourse on War is both very original and influential. He lays bare the evolutionary and changing view of war as it has come down the ages. Whereas ancient Greek and Roman heroes valued war believing it to be an honorable and manly activity, it needs to be seen against the wisdom of the Vedas and of course through Emerson’s eyes to get to the reality of war. Emerson is a powerful thinker because even though most countries have relied heavily on war and will still indulge in it when the need arises, they have become conscious of the animalistic nature if this rather insane activity. Emerson is not blind to the merits of waging war. He does begin his discourse by pointing out that people are educated by war and they become manly by indulging in it. He maintains that some of the most civilized of people have stood by the necessity of war. Yet the page of history shows how war has declined because it has gradually lost its glory; and yet is far from over. For Emerson ideas are more meaningful than circumstances and war is the outcome of the latter. It seems that Emerson’s ideas on war have led so many great minds to cogitate on the topic. Bernard Shaw, Vivekananda and Gandhi are just a few. Wordsworthian and Indian spiritualistic thought seem to come together in Emerson’s mind that refuses to take views for granted. Even Christianity is questioned as it has fostered religious wars. Those who can shun war are morally advanced â€Å"for they have not so much madness left in their brains, you have a nation of lovers, of benefactors, of true, great, and able, men. †

Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property Introduction This paper discusses the inception of intellectual property (IP) and its associated features. The concept of Intellectual property emerged after the foundation of the â€Å"World Intellectual Property Organization† (WIPO) in 1967. There is increase use of this term by diverse groups seeking to safeguard their intellectual knowledge and cultural heritage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper also examines the recent â€Å"Wai 262 claim before the Waitangi tribunal† in order to identify the issues at stake (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Furthermore, it presents the advantages and shortcomings of using Intellectual property model in protecting local people’s traditions and knowledge. Additionally, it presents the possible alternatives to the language of intellectual property. These discussions focus on New Zealand and the citizenâ €™s relation with Maori people due to their cultural distinctiveness. The Wai 262 claim before the Emergence of Waitangi Tribunal The Waitangi Tribunal recorded the claims on 262 occasions. This gave rise to the name Wai 262 claim. The preliminary recording took place on 9 October 1991 and the petitioners included six people. This is in addition to the iwi who were complaining against the New Zealand Crown (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). The claim was referred to as the living things claim because of the underlying issues. Furthermore, it had extensive coverage of additional issues regarding civilizing and intellectual property. The claimants recognized the existence of the New Zealand decrees and the government rules but questioned the place of Maori people’s customs, distinctiveness, and customary knowledge within the setting (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Furthermore, the claimants wanted to know the entities that would manage Maori cultural art and the unique surrounding that cr eated Maori identity. The claim was also concerned with questioning the place of Maori cultural importance in New Zealand especially the responsibility of the natives towards guarding their culture (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Further, claimants wanted to know the responsibility of the natives in caring for the valuable cultural materials that determined their identity including artwork, historic sites, vegetation, and animals. Issues at Stake in the Wai 262 Claim The petitioners argued that certain legislations enacted by the government contravened the Waitangi Treaty. This diminished chances for Maori to implement their political right basing on indigenous knowledge and environment. Further, it also limits their rights regarding traditional knowledge and intellectual property (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 66).Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They argued that foreign powers affected the Maori through legal guidelines, which were contrary to the Waitangi Treaty provisions. These issues were evident in the decision-making process that influenced commercialization, management, and conservation of diverse ecological resources. Issues entailing the integration of the Maori people in the determination of cultural rights in the application of the original environmental endowments were evident (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). Further, the Maori required opportunities to conserve, improve, and transmit the indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) basing on environmental materials (WIPO 2011, pg. 8). There was an issue concerning the right to ecological sustainability that was possible through sustainable use of customary resources. The Maori also needed to participate and achieve benefits basing on contributing opinions on the application, improvement, and trade of indigenous environmental endowments (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). There were also concerns on the associations that existed between Maori and the Crown. Furthermore, the significance of improving the relations in the presence of emerging regulations was at stake. Discrimination basing on racial relations also existed between the Crown and Maori because of the native’s cultural identity (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). This necessitated the search for ways of resolving historical conflicts that emerged because of the way that the New Zealanders handled the Maori. This resulted into relationships that awarded governance rights to the Crown over Maori cultural pieces while the natives held their power (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). The Maori also noted that enacted decrees marginalized them against exercising full management rights over their original resources. There was also an ongoing unlawful exploitation of Maori intellectual property and related resources. Intellectual Property The emergence of Intellectual Property (IP) coincided with the founding of WIPO in 1967. IP concept gained escalated appli cation over the recent years in protecting people from losing their original creations. According to the â€Å"New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development†, IP means a nonspecific term for the variety of property privileges that safeguard knowledge (MED 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More WIPO argues that IP entails original creations that emerge from people’s minds including â€Å"inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs†, which are used in trade (WIPO 2011). Furthermore, IP differs in two classes including industrialized property together with copyright. The industrial property includes â€Å"patents, trademarks, and industrial designs† (WIPO 2011). Copyright property includes literary, creative materials and drawings. The cultural expressions that fall under fictional and creative works inclu de novels, poems, plays, films, musical works, and artistic works that entail drawings, paintings, photographs, monuments among others. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) include the privileges that people who invent or create new things enjoy because of the protection they receive. These rights offer control over diverse processes that may be used by other entities (MED 2008). However, such privileges last for a short period. The privileges and rights are defended by the idea that creators and inventors of ought to profit from their activities. Further, the owners of such property receive incentives for generating ideas or property that would have not taken off (MED 2008). The benefits that emerge because of inventions compensate for the costs incurred by societies. Intellectual property is linked to the affairs of the indigenous people. This is because of their cultural, knowledge and environmental resource endowments, which generate certain intellectual property characteristics. WIPO differentiates these aspects of IP regarding indigenous people according to traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) and TK (WIPO 2007, pg. 7). These are differentiated according to their relations with IP among native communities. It is noteworthy that indigenous people have diverse TCEs that are protected as their IP. These TCEs includes productions that contain characteristic essentials of the cultural inventions developed and preserved by indigenous communities (WIPO 2007, pg. 8). The cultural expressions occur in diverse forms including verbal, musical, and activities among others. The inventive heritage of indigenous people has substantial social, belief, and cultural functions. Furthermore, they are also exploitable for commercial functions.Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Native people also have diverse knowledge systems collectively named TK. These include knowledge regarding customary methodological know how, conventional environmental resources, scientific or health understanding (WIPO 2007, pg. 6). These knowledge systems can also be linked with TCEs. This is because some conventional pieces that symbolize TK can also refer to inventive expressions. This uniqueness makes different groups of indigenous people argue that TK and TCEs are indivisible (WIPO 2007, pg. 7). Furthermore, IP advocates require rule makers to recognize the inseparability of TK and TCEs basing on their significance to different aspects of indigenous peoples livelihoods and cultural identity. The economic importance of indigenous people awareness and TCEs cause their exploitation by third parties. In some scenarios, these exploitations occur unlawfully thereby necessitating their protection as IP. IP in Relation to Indigenous Peoples using the Waitangi 262 Claim Maori who are indigenous people of the New Zealand advanced the Wai 262 claim. It contained concerns regarding IP of their green resources including living things. Furthermore, it also concerned seeking responsibility for the management of Maori TK that entails arts, sculpture, history, verbal expressions, music, and traditional healing systems and surroundings management. Collectively, these were named taonga because their continuation and improvement signified continued Maori uniqueness and well-being. According to Waitangi Tribunal (2011), Maori IP included their TK and aspects of culture that signified their identity. The continued undermining of Maori by the New Zealand Crown necessitated their claim actions that were necessary for safeguarding and maintaining their IP. The inappropriateness of the IPRs that protected Maori conventional knowledge and cultural wealth marginalised the natives from their indigenous property. Furthermore, the idea that IP offers owners privileges to determine th e use of their materials and Maori was not available in this provision (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). They had complications in gaining IPRs that would facilitate their interest in preserving or economically exploiting their conventional knowledge. This is because the existing rights had inconsistencies with the native’s property (WIPO 2007, pg. 7). The native’s interest included preserving their property against third party exploitations while rights limited the period and provisions for public disclosure (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). The requirements that include originality and recognition of certain individuals or companies as inventors limit Maori’s protection since it culminates in marginalization. The claimants noted that the rights are unfavourable to indigenous people’s traditional information, cultural materials, and green endowments. This means that third parties can obtain rights regarding certain inventions. This means they can apply them commercialisa tion processes (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). Furthermore, certain rights eventually result into successful trade activities, but the claimants recognised that they might not benefit because of inadequate sharing. The claim called for the patenting of diverse fauna and petitioning unlawful registering of brands using Maori pictures or writings. Intellectual property is a form of legislation and the New Zealand’s enactments together with other global requirements affected Maori rights (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). Advantages of using the Language of IP for the Protection of Indigenous Knowledge and Culture The recognition that indigenous people’s customary and cultural wealth is significant for their livelihoods and identity necessitates protection of these aspects (WIPO 2007, pg. 13). This is because the protection avoids their erosion and ensures that indigenous people continuously enjoy their endowments (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). Furthermore, it enables owners of inventions to b enefit economically and preserve native’s cultural materials and ideas. The monetary benefits occur when owners apply their inventions in generating commercial outcomes or through sharing gains (WIPO 2007, pg. 8). Cultural resources and ecological materials generate financial development through enterprises creations, skills development, and tourism expansion. Safeguarding IP also facilitates continuity of cultural wealth and environmental endowments. This leads to escalated information access and safety. Further, IP protection ensures that future generations appreciate aspects of their preserved culture (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 69). It enables native people to utilize their knowledge systems in encouraging sustainable exploitation of their cultural expressions and ecological endowments. Disadvantages of using the Language of IP for the Protection of Indigenous Knowledge and Culture Using intellectual property for the conservation gives rise to inconsistencies regarding ownership and exploitation tactics for such endowments. Additionally, it does not offer genuine solutions to the predicaments faced by indigenous people in protecting their wealth (Zogfaros 2010, pg. 67). Further, the related concepts also affect the preservation and improvement of cultural and environmental materials among some native groups. It rarely facilitates maintenance of indigenous people’s valuable materials under conflicting legislations and customary awareness systems. Furthermore, inadequacy of distributing benefits poses disadvantages to inventors of original materials or indigenous groups. The idea of collectively referring to aspects of native and ecological materials as intellectual property interferes with their safety. This is evident in the holistic nature of this group. Evidently, within such collections, certain beneficial aspect are not preserved (Waitangi Tribunal 2011). The ineffectiveness of enforcing legislations is disadvantageous to minor individuals or ind igenous groups. Incorrectness of IP Joining diverse aspects of culture that are related and referring to them as intellectual property is erroneous. Instead, single cultural and ecological aspects ought to be labeled as distinct issues. Lumping â€Å"trademark, copyright, and patent† laws and referring to them as IP also displays incorrectness (Stallman 2011). This is because these laws emerged disjointedly, advanced differently, possess diverse provisions, and are concerned with separate public policy matters. The use of intellectual property generates different meaning in separate situations (Stallman 2011). This is because specialists in these knowledge areas understand the varied dynamics. The use of intellectual property also lies about key issues regarding inventions. Furthermore, the concept instills distorted thinking’s among people making them focus on harmony other than individual guidelines (Stallman 2011). IP also causes issues generated according to unders tanding of diverse laws to disappear. This is because people tend to disregard issues that are fundamental to different laws. Alternatives of IP The notable alternative to Intellectual property is evident when indigenous people initiate new property models and reject the current provisions and designs (Stallman 2011). The efficiency likely to arise from this tactic is evident in diminishing bio-colonization by civilized societies. The inconsistencies regarding intellectual property, culture and related aspects makes it difficult for indigenous people to preserve their resources (Zogfaros 2010, p67). The alternative to this situation would entail endorsing parallel worldviews that facilitates continuation, improvement, and transfer of these knowledge systems to emerging generations. Furthermore, achieving political independence can also free indigenous people from disguised protection through intellectual property (Stallman 2011). The exploitative intellectual property should embrace processes that enable them protect native people from abuse. Conclusion In summary, intellectual property is use in protecting inventive people from third parties interested in exploiting their creations. The concept also protects indigenous community’s cultural identity through preserving their values, customary expressions, and ecological endowments. Maori marginalization by New Zealand Crown in the control of environmental resources, customary knowledge, and cultural expressions contributed to claims. The Wai 262 claim focused on resolving these issues basing on the IP legislations that New Zealand had enacted. Application of IP in the preservation of the traditional understanding and cultural aspects exude different advantages and shortcomings. Furthermore, intellectual property is an incorrect term because it lumps different society’s innovations and refers to them as IP. This presents challenges in the protecting communities’ traditional understanding and cultural identity materials. List of References MED 2008, What is Intellectual Property. Web. Stallman, R 2011, Did you say intellectual property? It is a seductive mirage. Web. Waitangi Tribunal 2011, Time to Move beyond Grievance in Treaty Relationship  Tribunal Says, Web. WIPO 2007, Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore, Web. WIPO 2007, Intellectual Property and TK. Web. WIPO 2011, What is Intellectual Property. Web. Zogfaros, D 2010, Intellectual property, and traditional cultural expression,  Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.